Vulcanized Belt

The vulcanized synchronous belt, commonly known as a timing belt in automotive applications, is a crucial component ensuring the precise synchronization of an engine's internal parts, such as the crankshaft and camshaft, to regulate valve timing. Its failure can lead to catastrophic engine damage, particularly in interference engines where pistons can collide with valves [1, 3, 6]. These belts are constructed from materials like synthetic rubber (Neoprene, HSN/HNBR, or Polyurethane for specific